By Tom Hawthorn
The Globe and Mail
July 26, 2014
VICTORIA
A jazz musician's search
for spiritual enlightenment led him to an ashram in India, where he
befriended the Beatles. When a plan to film the band fell through,
Paul Horn traveled to Agra, where he played his flute within the
echoing majesty of the Taj Mahal.
The resulting recording was
intended originally for friends. Instead, his label released it as a
long-playing record. “Inside” has sold one million copies,
boosting a new genre of music and gaining for Mr. Horn a reputation
as a founding father of New Age music.
Mr. Horn, who has died, aged 84, moved
to British Columbia in 1970, by which time the acclaimed jazz
musician had begun melding his experience with Transcendental
Meditation into his performances. An advocate of gentle bearing, he
spoke often of the benefits of meditation, performing at countless
benefit concerts for nonprofit groups.
He toured both China and the Soviet
Union at a time when the leadership of both countries was suspicious
of jazz as a subversive force. He followed the Taj Mahal recording
with similar performances at other sacred sites.
Mr. Horn's years on the West Coast are
best captured by an image from the early 1970s, as he sits
cross-legged on a rug, playing flute for a captive male orca named
Haida. The whale is said to have shown greater spirit following
sessions with the musician.
Mr. Horn's interest in the spiritual
led to his exploring a serene, mellow and meditative sound. Even a
jazz purist intending to scoff could become immersed in the warm,
contemplative groove conjured by superior musicianship.
Mr. Horn indulged music writers less
interested in his spiritual quest than tales of an earlier dissolute
jazz life in New York and Los Angeles, where he recorded with the
likes of Duke Ellington, Stan Getz, Nat King Cole, Miles Davis, Frank
Sinatra and Tony Bennett, a longtime friend.
Paul Joseph Horn was born in New York
City on March 17, 1930, to Frances (née Sper) and Jack Horn, a
wholesale liquor salesman. Before her marriage, Miss Sper had been a
Jazz Age singer and an in-house pianist for Irving Berlin. For two
years before her marriage, she appeared on a weekly dinnertime radio
program in New York. She also had several songs released on record.
Her husband preferred Gilbert and Sullivan.
Paul played piano at age 4, clarinet at
10, saxophone at 12, and the flute at 19. The parents encouraged
their only child's musical obsession. “People don't expect it from
a jazz musician,” he once told a filmmaker, “but I had a good
home life.” After moving from his childhood home in Mount Vernon,
N.Y., to Washington, D.C., young Mr. Horn attended local jazz clubs
as an underaged performer. He earned a bachelor's degree in music,
majoring in clarinet, at the Oberlin Conservatory of Music in Ohio,
where his daily regimen included five to eight hours of practice. He
followed with a master's degree from the Manhattan School of Music.
Three years of military service was spent playing the flute in
the U.S. Army Field Band. While stationed at Fort Meade, Md., he sat
in with a local Cuban big band in nearby Washington, an opportunity
to improvise on flute backed by Latin rhythms.
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| Horn's mother, Frances Sper, was a Jazz Age vocalist. |
The composers Eddie Sauter and Bill
Finegan invited the young player into their Sauter-Finegan big band,
an innovative ensemble incorporating such unusual instruments as the
kazoo. Within a year, Mr. Horn left to join the Los Angeles-based
Chico Hamilton Quintet. One of his first gigs with the group was
opening for Billie Holiday at New York's Carnegie Hall in November,
1956.
The Hamilton group featured in the 1957
Hollywood movie “Sweet Smell of Success” and Mr. Horn revived his
friendship with the actor Tony Curtis later on- and off-screen during
the filming of the similarly jazz-themed movies “The Rat Race”
(1963) and “Wild and Wonderful” (1964).
He signed with Dot Records in 1957, the
year the label released his debut album, “House of Horn,” on
which he played flute, alto flute, alto sax, clarinet and piccolo.
A valued session man, Mr. Horn joined
the likes of vibraphonist Cal Tjader in the studio for the recording
of “Latin for Lovers.” He also formed the Paul Horn Group, which
was followed by the Paul Horn Quintet, all the while maintaining a
hectic concert and recording schedule. Deeply influenced by his
friend Miles Davis, Mr. Horn adopted a calmer, more reflective modal
jazz.
“Miles knows how to wait,” Mr. Horn once said. “He
doesn't make notes unless he has something to say. Then he speaks
true, and he sings out.”
Mr. Davis recommended Mr. Horn to
Columbia Records. The flutist was pleased to have been allowed three
full days in the studio without interference from his producer, a
rare freedom for which he thanked the man, Mr. Horn once told the
Victoria music writer Mike Devlin. The producer replied that he had
received a telephone call from Miles. “Paul's recording today,”
he said. “Don't fuck with him.”
The resulting LP, “The Sound of Paul
Horn” (1961), earned a four-star review from Billboard
magazine.
The flautist was the subject of a 26-minute,
black-and-white television documentary, “The Story of a Jazz
Musician,” produced by David Wolper which aired on CBS in 1962. By
this time, he had separated from his wife, Yvonne (née Jordan),
sharing with her the raising of their sons, Marlen and Robin. The
quintet is shown playing a Horn composition, “Count Your Change,”
at Shelly's Manne-Hole club in Los Angeles.
Already a jazz figure of note, Mr. Horn
began to develop a mass audience with his performance on the record
“Jazz Suite on the Mass Texts,” which earned Argentine composer
Lalo Schifrin a Grammy. (The album earned another Grammy for best
cover photography.) A review in Life magazine hailed the flautist as
the star of the recording. “His varied pipes flood out a torrent of
late-progressive arabesques in a kind of confession-without-words,”
the critic Carter Harman wrote in 1965.
That same year, Mr. Horn scored and
wrote a jaunty theme song for a television revival of the Three
Stooges featuring cartoons. The music was the highlight of an
otherwise ill-considered project.
After being asked to join a recording
session by the sitar player Ravi Shankar, Mr. Horn decided to travel
to India to study its music. Besides, his marriage was in disarray
and he had tired of a “plastic lifestyle” in Los Angeles,
including “smoky nightclubs, late-night hours, marijuana and a
heart-breaking affair with a beautiful actress.” He saw himself
heading down a dead-end street at the end of which would be a wall
against which he would meet his death. he once said.
Leaving in December, 1966, he spent
several months as a devotee of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, eventually
becoming a Transcendental Meditation instructor himself. Mr. Horn
also recorded two albums with Shankar's students, “In India” and
“Paul Horn in Kashmir.” (These would later be reissued in a
collection titled, “Cosmic Consciousness,” one of the Maharishi's
catchphrases.)
The musician returned to America a different man,
eschewing drugs in favour of contemplation. Not all of his friends or
even band mates were able to cope.
“The bass player was most put
off by my not indulging anymore,” Mr. Horn told Vancouver Province
reporter Damian Inwood in 1990. “It's hard to know what's holding a
friendship together, what's the glue. In that case, it was the
dope.
“Sometimes people feel when someone else is changed, they
don't know what that means. Since I was so changed when I came back
from India, I think a lot of it was based on fear — like, 'Who's
Paul now, what's going on with this guy?' ”
Mr. Horn returned to
India in 1968 intending to film a documentary on the Maharishi. He
was at the ashram on an escarpment above the Ganges across the river
from Rishikesh during the famous visit by the Beatles, who were
joined by the Scottish singer Donovan, Mike Love of the Beach Boys,
the actress Mia Farrow and her sister, Prudence, among others. The
planned film was never completed, but Mr. Horn did have a
state-of-the-art tape recorder on hand when he decided to visit the
Taj Mahal with sound engineer John Archer.
“I never heard
anything so beautiful,” he wrote of standing beneath the white
marble dome that surmounts the tomb. “Each tone hung suspended in
space for 28 seconds and the acoustics are so perfect you couldn't
tell when his voice stopped and the echo took over.”
The long span between blowing a note
and its final decay demanded the flautist provide space for the echo,
otherwise, he once explained, “the music would just have become a
mess, a confusion of notes and sounds reverberating.”
Mr. Horn was teaching meditation at the
University of California, Los Angeles when Epic Records asked if he
had any new material. He forwarded the Taj Mahal tape, which Epic
released in 1969, his 14th album, with the promotion:
“Paul Horn's jazz fame is already great. But this makes it truly
monumental.”
The haunting, atmospheric instrumental, running
less than a half hour, found an audience where one had not previously
been known to exist. Though it did not get radio air play, “Inside”
did receive critical praise. “A cathedral-like depth and echo
haunts his flute and the voice chants of a local caller,” Billboard
noted in a 1969 review. “Horn spies mythical entities, moods, and
musical meditations, using the Taj Mahal to add to the eerie beauty.
A sleeper to watch.”
It was while touring with Donovan that
Mr. Horn first visited Vancouver Island. In 1970, he loaded a van
with his two sons and, joined by girlfriend Tryntje Bom, a Dutch-born
fashion designer known in L.A. as Miss Bom Bom, headed north to
Canada, where they settled in Victoria's leafy Gordon Head
neighbourhood on an acre overlooking the sea.
He maintained a
steady, album-per-year output, performing tirelessly. In 1973, he
hosted 13 episodes of an eponymous variety program, which aired
nationally on CTV. Meanwhile, he lent his name and musical talents to
several causes, including the environmental group Greenpeace and its
campaign to save whales. He was called in by Sealand of the Pacific,
an aquarium in Victoria which has since closed, to play for Haida, a
captive male said to be bereft after the death of his mate, Chimo.
Mr. Horn performed Bach, an irish jig, and his own contemplative
music. The musician and the lovelorn cetacean also appeared in “We
Call Them Killers,” a 1972 National Film Board documentary.
Mr. Horn played regularly in Vancouver
clubs such as Gassy Jack's and Oil Can Harry's. He often was an
instructor at the Victoria Conservatory of Music, working with
teenagers in summer jazz workshops.
The success of “Inside” (later
retitled “Inside the Taj Mahal”) led Mr. Horn to create
recordings in other sacred locales, including the Great Pyramid of
Giza, the Temple of Heaven in Beijing, and the Kazamieras Cathedral
in Vilnius, Lithuania. He returned to record at the Taj Mahal in
1989. Mr. Horn made two tours of China and three to the Soviet Union,
accompanied on the latter by his son, Robin, who served as drummer.
In 1974, the independent,
Vancouver-based Mushroom label released a double album of material,
including a 24-page booklet on his career. The package sold a quick
10,000 copies, an unprecedented figure in the industry, proof of a
growing market for New Age material in the mid-1970s. He later
founded his own Golden Flute label.
The Grammy Awards added a New Age
category in 1986. Mr. Horn received nominations in 1987 for
“Traveler” and in 1999 for “Inside Monument Valley” with R.
Carlos Nakai.
Late in life, Mr. Horn married the
South African-born singer and composer Ann Mortifee, an Order of
Canada recipient whom he had first met during a taping of his
television show. The couple collaborated on “In Love with the
Mystery,” a 2010 release. They divided their time between his home
in Tucson, Ariz., and hers on Cortes Island, B.C. They also owned a
condominium in Vancouver, where Mr. Horn died on June 29 after a
brief illness the nature of which the family has declined to reveal.
He was 84. He leaves Ms. Mortifee, his two sons, a stepson and four
grandchildren.
In 2009, Mr. Horn took part in a
benefit concert for the David Lynch Foundation for
Consciousness-Based Education and World Peace, which promotes the
Transcendental Meditation program. The show at Radio City Music Hall
in New York included such musicians as Moby, Sheryl Crow, Eddie
Vedder and Bettye LaVette. It also reunited Mr. Horn with Donovan, as
well as the two surviving Beatles, Ringo Starr and Paul McCartney,
the four reprising the dreamy season they enjoyed together 41 years
earlier in India.
Paul Horn with television guest Valdy.
From left: George Harrison, Paul McCartney, Shah Jahan, Donovan, Patti Harrison, John Lennon and Paul Horn at the ashram in Rishikesh in 1968.
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